Appendix C represents quantitative data that examines why steel grit recycling is the most cost-effective blasting choice. Toggle between wet vapor blast, dry blast, and blow-off using a single control panel. It is classified as a private limited company and is located in , Maharashtra. Steel Angular Grit is produced by crushing specifically heat-treated shot pellets. 5cf Blast Pot Complete Retrofit Kit - Single Outlet. Make recycling the greenest part of your business. We’re happy to help! Please fill out the form below and a Rapid Prep representative will contact you shortly. Our experienced staff is ready to help you. It includes all of the same innovative and easy to use features, packaged in a smaller, more mobile system. features a 40% larger blast pattern, an ultra-comfortable trigger-style deadman control that allows one-handed start/stop. 4425. For light coatings removal or to leave minor surface profiling, Sponge-Jet Brown Sponge Media with Dupont Starblast is the right choice. Two stage filter with electric auto drain. With the proper technology, steel grit can be blasted and put back into a. 5 cu ft; 3. By using multi-use steel grit along. Abrasive Blasters (Small Pots) Blaster Packages. Grit recycling trailer that will output cleaned grit at a low level (2-3’ above ground) This system represents the least costly piece of equipment to recycle steel grit. Our inventory includes a wide range of sandblasting rentals, including abrasive blaster rentals and vacuum blaster rentals. Rapid Prep has the most highly trained service technicians in the abrasive equipment market. Our high powered vacuum units, recover the spent abrasive where the dust and waste are separated. High wear, rugged plunger seal. Steel grit and shot are generally available with diameters of 0. Steel Shot is a fully heat-treated spherical product of hyper-eutectoid [email protected] slurry is used in the same way the stream of air with grit is used. Schmidt® abrasive blasting blast pot's ergonomic design features optimized safety and ease of use. SCHMIDT 8 TON BLAST POT SYSTEM. Schmidt MicroValve. The steel grit dryer may be configured with a heat process vacuum bypass so that an off-board vacuum, such as a. Materials. The rate of recycling depends on the type of abrasive being processed. The dried recycled grit. Reno, NV. The utility model relates to a steel grit cooling recovery system, including cooling system, cooling system includes cooling drum and cylinder slewing mechanism, cooling drum includes the barrel, the both ends of barrel are equipped with barrel feed inlet and barrel discharge gate respectively, the inner wall of barrel all is equipped with spiral gusset from. CI grit blasting is ideal for aggressive cleaning applications. 40-80 Steel Grit Barrel Storage Capacity. Crushed Glass Abrasive. Primary Filtration – Coated Bags, pulse air cleaned. First Last. The MV3 offers the proven productivity and safety advantages that Schmidt valves deliver to abrasive blasting operations through the precise metering of abrasive, along with e xtended service life, a n improved cleanout. Pneumatic or electric remote controls. Four outlet capability. Appliances HVAC Steel Aluminum Tin Cast Copper Brass VehiclesSteel grit, although more expensive, can be used many times over with the proper process and technology. 3 Nipple size configurations: 1 ¼” (32 mm) x 1 ¼” (32 mm) 1 ½” (38 mm) x 1 ½” (38 mm) 2″ (50. In the long run, using steel grit as a blast media is much more cost effective than using any other form of media. For rental. It is engineered to be the most efficient high production grit system ever built. Some of these benefits include the following: • With the. This system allows for efficient pipe blasting without the investment of a permanent installation. Virtual Position Indicator illustrates orifice size, giving the ability to set abrasive flow quickly and consistently. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. The project detailed. and is a self-contained, recycling, sealed glove box design. Milled steel specimens were used to investigate the effect of the blasting conditions on surface properties. Embossed stainless steels such as OneTex Linen, Checks and Squares. Company name *. Steel Grit creates an etched surface, ideal for smooth painting and coating adhesion. Air in which the grit being recycled is being processed may be heated. Available in Electric. Our first new build for 2023 is coming together - ARS 6-pot Steel Grit Recycling Machine (sold to a great customer in the busy marine market). GL Steel Grit hardness is 54 – 61 Hardness Rockwell C. Available in a variety of grades and sizes, this steel shot is designed for a high-quality. ARS Recycling Systems, LLC | 577 followers on LinkedIn. Ghost wipes were then used to wipe each plate to test the lead levels each steel grit sample imbedded into the steel plate. The white paper detailed the advantages of blasting with steel grit to clean a surface, remove rust, create a surface profile, and prepare a surface for coating. Two stage filter with electric auto drain. of primary filter area- air to cloth ratio of 2. 5 cuft Blast machine, and protective equipment for the sandblasting operator. STEEL SHOT. 18 – 0. ARS Recycling Systems, LLC | 596 followers on LinkedIn. We have over 100 units available for sale or rent. If you need service after-hours, Rapid Prep is also on call 24 hours a day. 160 cu ft Bulk Blaster. We melt. Consequently, the litter-compost could be used for horticulture and need not be stored, for instance, at waste deposits. Report this post Report Report. 595. Sandblasting Room Preparation and Requirements. contaminated steel grit is then screened at the top of the air wash , then any remaining dust or oversize particles are removed as the abrasive cascades over a series of baffles and through a final screening. Steel Grit can be recycling number of times. STEEL GRIT. STEEL GRIT BLASTING EQUIPMENT. 5CF Blast Machine Options 160 CF Mega MistBlaster Blast Machine, 4-Outlet Upgrade your EcoQuip® trailer rig to MistBlaster® technology!Steel Grit is the most common metallic abrasive used in shot blasting. The Rapid Prep BRS is designed to maximize the use of a wide range of recyclable abrasives, including steel grit, to remove coatings and corrosion when cleaning steel or concrete surfaces. We offer Mobile trailer-mounted Units or Skid. They are designed to be used with a broader range of abrasive media such as baking soda, crushed glass, steel grit, and more; allowing you to achieve the surface profile you need because you can use the abrasive best suited for. Schmidt Disposal & Recycling provides disposal and recycling services to the South Saint Paul, MN area. Search for: (877)529-2124 Emergency Support Emergency Support• Steel grit (50 60 Rc) produces greater sharpness of peaks and valleys and generally a slightly higher profile than softer grit of the same size. A heavy duty, portable system designed for contractor use. Rapid Prep has one of the largest rental fleets of surface preparation equipment in the United States. 111. Skid, Trailer, Truck mount. The gold standard in abrasive blasting is the use of steel grit. With 6 outlets, substantial vacuum capacity, plenty of dry air, and a second-to-none grit cleaning. The T22 range of PVD coated coloured. EnTech Industries is the place with the Dust Collector you need for any job you may have! EnTech's dust collectors can provide you with superior performance, ranging from 2,000 cfm to 60,000 cfm, and larger. When used properly abrasive blasting with Garnet provides comparable production rates as silica sand. Steel Grit; Steel Shot; Walnut Shell; Silica Sand Warning!. 5cf Blast Pot Complete Retrofit Kit - Single Outlet. This unit is engineered to accomplish more with less. To get a quote on a steel grit recycling machine call (609) 301-7599 or contact us. Exclusive 4-Wire Deadman Switches and Big. Dual Outlet Dust Free Greener Blaster. The 4 Man Diesel Super Unit has. Steel Grit creates an etched surface, ideal for smooth painting and coating adhesion. Grit Recycling Vacuum Blasting Equipment. 00. $ 210,000. STEEL GRIT ABRASIVE IDENTIFICATION Product Name: Steel Grit Other Names: Recommended Use: Shot blasting Supplier: BlastOne International Address: 57 Alexandra Place, Murarrie, Queensland, Australia 4172 Telephone Number: (07) 3329 5000 Fax Number: (07) 3329 5066 E-mail: sales. Typical max part size (to be blasted): 5’ x 3’ x 8’ (W x H x L) Blasting chamber with set of double-doors. 40 HP, 460 Volt, 3 Phase TEFC motor with all controls in a NEMA enclosure. Steel grit cuts more efficiently than mineral, leading to increased worker productivity. Blast off. Safety Data Sheet. What are your equipment needs for 2023?The Schmidt ® MV3™ abrasive metering valve is the newest innovation in the family of industry-leading Schmidt abrasive metering valves. Semi-trailer unit with 250 gallons of diesel storage. Our technicians excel at maximizing productivity for our customers! Abrasives. Not Available in USA – Request a quote. Learn About Our Recycling Tel: 800-553-3625 [email protected]. Fully automatic cleaning of the perforated plate. Set and forget – flow rates stay set where you put them. Add to Quote. 82 likes. Stainless steel body for. FUNCTION:Blastrite ® Platinum Grit is used where expendable abrasives are required for onsite abrasive blasting in shipyards, steel construction, oil refineries, power stations, offshore oil rigs and any blasting yard designed for diverse and flexible applications. Rapid Prep is one of the largest suppliers of used sandblasting equipment. Read more. Garnet. We are an established family. Explore our rental catalogue, find the right fit for your. Available in both coupled and uncoupled. Related Content Schmidt BAABS Trigger Rail Deadman System Response G2 Deadman Handle Schmidt G3 Trigger-style Deadman control Why Use GMA Garnet Related Content Mist Blaster® Wet/Dry 6. FOR RENTAL OR PURCHASE. comErvin Industries 3893 Research Park Dr Ann Arbor, MI 48108. Industrial Vacuum Systems Parts And Dust Collector Parts. A method and method for processing grit used for abrasive blasting may include receiving grit blasted onto a surface, where the grit includes moisture content. Clemco Wetblast FLEX Abrasive Blasting Pot 150psi Like New (Used once for only for 4 hours) $9,900. • Set and forget switching between machine modes. Surface Preparation Systems Inc. A method of recycling grit, comprising: inputting dirty grit to a first stage grit recycling machine; coarsely separating reusable grit from waste material by the first stage grit recycling machine; automatically feeding the coarsely separated reusable grit from the first stage recycling machine to a second stage recycling machine; finely separating the. 6 Liter, Tier 3 Kubota diesel engine with 60 gallon fuel tank. Email *. We also accept steel and catalytic converters. The current inventory supports all modes of blasting. Abstract: The grit is an abrasive blasting material used for the preparation of the metal surfaces in the ship building and ship repair processes prior the application of coatings. Ft. Bags: 50 lbs. The Schmidt Blast Recovery System blasts and vacuums simultaneously or separately. steel grit recycling The gold standard in abrasive blasting is the use of steel grit. Bearing Steel Grit is a general-purpose manufactured abrasive used to remove thick coatings, heavy rust, and mill scale. ARS Recycling Systems, LLC | 603 followers on LinkedIn. Compact 'hands-free' design. Steel Grit; Steel Shot; Walnut Shell; Silica Sand Warning!. Ghost wipes were then used to wipe each plate to test the lead levels each steel grit sample imbedded into the steel plate. Categories: Abrasive Recyclers Recovery & Vacuum Equipment. Silicon carbide offers the benefit of an extremely fast cutting speed, which, when combined with its hardness, allows for much shorter blasting times. ARS Recycling Systems, LLC · February 23, 2022 ·. $1,200. Residential and commercial customers in vehicles under 5,500kg GVW can drop off recyclables, household hazardous waste,. VAT. Compact and lightweight ideal for removing paint, rust, dirt/grease, burrs from metals and marks from brick & stone. Air Volume. US. Contact us today to rent or purchase surface preparation tools and equipment. Because the steel grit is so valuable, costing up to $900/ton, the operator recovers the grit back to the recycling machine even though he knows the free moisture will cause clogging and eventual clumping as the grit turns to rust. Soda Blaster Blast Pot (New, Never Used still on. Dimensions 7’5″ L x 8’5″ W x 11’2. Schmidt; RPB; Clemco; Bullard; Abrasive Blast Supply; W Abrasives; Black Diamond; Kennametal; View All; Info ABS Supply 15480 17th Avenue NE Little Falls, MN 56345 United States of America Call us at (877) 909-7848Through our general fabrication and manufacturing process, Karl Schmidt Mfg can work with steel and stainless steel materials to provide you with the recycling solutions you need. $ 20,091. Many commercial painting contractors are doing just that with a mobile abrasive blasting system manufactured by Advanced Recycling Systems Inc. The 25 in the grade name stands for the size. It comes in 3 nipple size configurations: 1 ¼” (32 mm) x 1 ¼” (32 mm) 1 ½” (38 mm) x 1 ½” (38 mm) 2″ (50 mm) x 2″ (50 mm) Threaded-plunger metering design with air actuated operation. Want-to-Buy Ad. As compliance with environmental regulations dictates the awarding of more and more contracts, ARS’s patent steel grit recycling process provides an ROI driven, eco-friendly way for you to have an advantage when bidding on your next project. Test 3. STEEL SHOT S 07 0-S 111 0. 00. The original Thompson Valve that revolutionized abrasive metering and control. The AmphiBlast Lite 3. Metal Grit Recycling, Mazon, Illinois. Ft Tight Mill Scale 140 Sq. Steel grit is angular in shape, whereas shot is round. Wait for the Water to Evaporate: Since water can affect the consistency of grit, you should air-dry the grit until there is no moisture left. Screened wastewater can be used as wash water. First four-axle, 45-ton, 12-outlet steel grit, fully pneumatic recycling machine (GRT-4520CV), 4600 CFM 27" Hg vacuum, operated with dual, flow-balanced 4-5" hose lines and achieving less that 250ppm. Sandblast Solutions carries Steel Grit Recyclers for your surface preparation. Industrial Vacuum Systems Parts And Dust Collector Parts. 8,136 sq. This allows Contractors to increase profits and win more competitive bids. 5 Blast Pot is available in several configurations: Electric or Pneumatic Controls . 01) grit being recycled is being processed may be heated. Description. , garnet, olivine, and staurolite), results in nondetectable or lower levels of airborne crystalline silica; but levels of other hazardous air contaminants can be elevated, depending on the. This results in a lower per-hour cost than most. SKU: P-DM2130. Steel with spreading surface rust, and the millscale commenced flaking. The mois ture content may be evaporated from the grit using the heated air to produce dry recycled grit. The G stands for grit. A mobile steel grit dryer used to dry steel grit may be configured with a number of different functions and features to assist a contractor in performing steel or other structure maintenance when using steel grit in resurfacing the structure. 3 to 100 mm separation size. Add to Wish List. The. 12,000 CFM at 10″ W. Richmond Steel Recycling Limited – Richmond, British Columbia. 111. Type No. G. The Schmidt abrasive bulk blasting systems revolutionized the abrasive blasting industry. S. 5 cu ft Blaster Pot $ 6,548. . Will convey between 15-20 tons of abrasive per hour. CI grit will quickly strip many types of surface contaminants from steel and other cast and forged metals. Abrasive recovery capabilities equal to that of 6-8 blast nozzles. High Carbon Steel Grit. 00. The environmental performance of chemical recycling varies depending on the technology (i. Our 4 man recycling machine is a diesel system that holds the industry's gold standard in production. Skid, Trailer, Truck mount. plus Canada. Empty weight 10,500lbs. Rapid Prep delivers superior sandblasting PPE and is a large distributor of the RPB Safety brand. Ervin AMASTEEL Cast Steel Grit exceeds all SAE Specifications: SAE J444 (Sizing) SAE J1993 (Microstructure, Hardness,. In the USA, many contractors prefer 12v electric deadman controls for 2 reasons: 1) Reduces chances of control system freeze-up in cold weather. 5 cu ft; 10 and 20 cu ft; Bulk Blasters. PRODUCT. Various abrasives can be used for blasting, but there are many benefits to using steel grit. What is claimed: 1. 0072″ – 0. The steel grit dryer may be configured with a heat process vacuum bypass so that an off-board vacuum, such as a. ); peening Steel grit 12 or more sizes (close gradation) from 10. Rapid Prep stocks abrasive blasting media for all types of blasting applications. Remove. Sandblast Solutions carries Steel Grit Recyclers for your surface preparation. Metering Valves and Controls. All of our equipment is well-maintained and ready to use, so you can trust. G. 1. The use of steel grit on a jobsite can dramatically improve quality, decrease costs, and reduce the overall environmental impact of blasting operations when compared to single-use abrasives. Our quality equipment and patented cleaning process set us apart from other blasting methods. These paints usually contain heavy metals which act as anti-fouling and anti-corrosion agents. m. The paint waste is enriched in heavy metals such as Zn and Cu, which are toxic but also valuable metal sources. com. Only available to blast 8″. Henk explained, ‘The used grit can be made suitable for reuse with a magnetic drum separator. 250. US. Recycling steel grit with ARS’s patented technology eliminates wasteful spending on single-use mineral alternatives. Blastrite Platinum Grit. We have one of the largest rental fleets of surface preparation equipment in the United States. The air flow design allows maximum dust removal where you need it. Contact one of our North Kingstown, RI representatives to learn more about our abrasive equipment. On-Board Vacuum, Dryers, Classifiers, and Blast Pots. The dryer may include multiple modes so that an operator may use different modes for different environmental conditions. Thompson® Valve. Metering Valves and Controls. Phone Number: (331) 422-5601 Edit. CI grit produces an etched surface. Round abrasive particles have a peening effect on the surface and produce a more rounded surface profile. Various abrasives can be used for blasting, but there are many benefits to using steel grit. No. We’re happy to help! Please fill out the form below and a Rapid Prep representative will contact you shortly. AmphiBlast™. Steel grit has a maximum breakdown resillience, so with proper recycling equipment, steel grit can be re-used hundreds of times. Rapid Prep carries a range of blasting equipment parts, including sandblasting hoses, nozzles, switches, lights and other sandblasting supplies. Use the MicroValve with your pinch valves instead of flat sand valves or donut valves, and. Our experienced staff is ready to help you. A common problem for contractors is they blast outside and then bring the product inside to paint. Filtration. G. Reduces abrasive consumption up to 15% compared to pressure-release systems, depending on application. ARS Recycling Systems, LLC | ผู้ติดตาม 605 คนบน LinkedIn Advanced Steel Grit Blasting & Recycling Equipment, Industrial Dust Collectors, Transloading Dust Containment System | ARS offers Abrasive Recycling Machines, Dust Collectors, Vacuum Trailers and Lift Platforms. A-A-60016, 2020 Edition, July 28, 2020 - RECYCLING EQUIPMENT FOR NON-METALLIC ABRASIVE BLAST GRIT This commercial item description (CID) establishes the functional requirements and design features of non-metallic abrasive blast grit recycling equipment that is capable of cleaning, removing fines and dust, and. 65 HP, 2. Superior quality, reliability, and a patented cleaning process makes ARS the first choice for abrasive blasting & recycling equipment. Abrasive Recycling Machines (Steel Grit). View Case Study. =Less Logistics =Less Labor =Less Environmental Impact =SIGNIFICANT PROJECT SAVINGS For projects. Chilled iron grit is used in blast rooms and lined (against abrasion) pressure blast cabinets with abrasive reclaim recirculation systems. We also buy scrap vehicles and other. Shaft is embedded in the urethane head. Single. Contact Nyhus Enterprises today to learn how we can help you with steel grit blasting! Posted byARS Recycling Systems, LLC | 589 seguidores en LinkedIn. Making stronger concrete with 'sewage-enhanced' steel. Steel Shot and Steel Grit; Steel Ballast. ARS offers steel grit blasting/recycling equipment in various sizes for projects small and large. The composition limits, as well as the hardness of the grit are given in Table 1. Advanced Steel Grit Blasting & Recycling Equipment, Industrial Dust Collectors, Transloading Dust Containment System | ARS offers Abrasive Recycling Machines, Dust Collectors, Vacuum Trailers and Lift Platforms. Skid Mounted, Tri-Level Intermodal Set-Up. 48 liter, Tier 4 Final Kohler engine with 60 gallon fuel tank. TeraValve™ Complete Blast Pot Retrofit Kit. DH3000 DESICCANT DEHUMIDIFIER. ARS used equipment inventory available for purchase. 2. The Schmidt® 6. Our SAFE TOTE system is a “grit buddy” for anyone using steel grit recycling systems. Highly efficient. Steel grit produces an etched surface on metal for superior adhesion of paint, powder coating, epoxy and other coatings. Powered entirely by compressed air, the 3. Nyhus Enterprises offers the fast, economical, and popular option of Steel Grit Blasting. Steel Grit. and the ability to blast high-temperature surfaces, using an optional adapter/brush. From Fused Aluminas and Glass Materials to. Air in which the B24B 49/00 (2012. The compact size fits easily onto low-clearance blast pots or blast cabinets without modification. 20,000 CFM at 10″ W. Rated to typically dry 5-10 tons per hour of steel grit on 10-15 gallons per hour of diesel. 00. Crushed Glass Abrasive. 30’ long, 8’-6” wide, 13’-4” high, weight 50,000 lbs. Using an ARS System for abrasive blasting, transloading, or dust collection is a great way to boost job-site productivity and profitability. STEEL GRIT RECYCLING MACHINESFor Rent Nationwide. Offering small portable blast pots to larger bulk blasters and even up to 28 Tons. Frankfort, IL. 131 views, 5 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from ARS Recycling Systems, LLC: ARS offers dust collection and steel grit recycling solutions for the tank, bridge, and. 3030. Single Outlet Capacity. Empty weight 13,950lbs. Standard GL hardness grit Special GP hardness and other specifications available Manufactured cast steel abrasiveUS20210370469A1 US17/343,493 US202117343493A US2021370469A1 US 20210370469 A1 US20210370469 A1 US 20210370469A1 US 202117343493 A US202117343493 A US 202117343493A US 2021370469 ASteel grit is a hard, angular abrasive that will clean and etch the hardest steel surfaces. Virtual Position Indicator illustrates orifice size, giving the ability to set abrasive flow quickly and consistently. Buy Pop-up Seating ring separately BAP2100011. The hydraulic capacity of the wastewater treatment plant Emschermündung is 30 m³/s. We purchase the unit over 20 years ago and have been completely satisfied with the. 8 Ton Bulk Abrasive System. brazing steel and stainless steel Crushed glass 5 sizes (wide-band screening) from 30-to 400-mesh Fast cutting; low cost; short life; abrasive; noncontaminating Steel shot 12 or more sizes (close gradation) from 8- to 200-mesh General-purpose rough cleaning (foundry operation, etc. Processes Steel Grit and Non-Ferrous Abrasives (Garnet, Aluminum Oxide) Grit Transfer System Uses Compressed Air to Transfer Recycled Grit from Classifier to Storage Hopper. Grit Recycling Vacuum Blasting Equipment. Glass beads: Soft surfaces require a gentle abrasive. Sold Individually. Any other coating system will require. Related Content Schmidt BAABS Trigger Rail Deadman System Response G2 Deadman Handle Schmidt G3 Trigger-style Deadman control Why Use GMA Garnet Related Content Mist Blaster® Wet/Dry 6. MicroValve®. Having the best, most experienced service personnel in the industry allows us to handle any equipment issue or problem a customer might have with the surface preparation equipment. Report this post Report Report. Metric Upon Request. Several manufacturers produce recycling systems that are durable and effective at recycling BARTON garnet abrasives. A method for processing grit used for abrasive blasting, said method comprising: receiving grit blasted onto a surface, the grit including moisture content; heating air in which the grit being recycled is being processed; evaporating the moisture content from the grit using the heated air to produce dry recycled grit; and storing the dried. Mounted on 3-axle road legal trailer. com Emergency Number: 13 11 26. Browse our selection of used blasting equipment here. The 0. Specifications: 6-8 Outlet Capacity Available. Designed to replace drums, SAFE TOTE will. Note: we recommend that this equipment be used on large, flat surfaces (like tanks or ship hulls) with at least. Soda blasting is the exception, a one-time-use abrasive, used for special applications when recycling abrasive is not important. New Motor & Guard 2. Advanced Steel Grit Blasting & Recycling Equipment, Industrial Dust Collectors, Transloading Dust Containment System | ARS offers Abrasive Recycling Machines, Dust Collectors, Vacuum Trailers and Lift Platforms. Schmidt Bulk Pot Mounts $ 487. We have one of the largest rental fleets of surface preparation equipment in the United States. Refractories are indispensable for industrial high-temperature processes and, therefore, of enormous economic importance, with around 70% of these materials being used in the steel industry []. Available in Mini, 3. AVAILABLE FOR RENTAL OR PURCHASE. Standard parts we carry are vacuum hoses, ducting, filters, and more. We provide solutions for the safe operation of your business. 6 Auto-Fill Blast Pots. The B24C 9/00 (2006. While vacuuming the steel grit for recycling, large water droplets are typically removed from the steel grit. Steel Ballast; Services. Our ability to meet demands for industrial sand blasting throughout the entire season across the country is something we are very proud to offer our. Garnet abrasive is often used as an alternative to silica sand as it produces less dust and is safer than its hazardous counterpart, silica sand. Blast and recover at up to 200 feet away. New Desiccant Salt Tanks 3.